In the US, the public retirement benefit is Social Security — based on the taxes (FICA) you paid while working, it pays a monthly benefit for life. The biggest decision is "when to start claiming." Claim early at 62 and it's permanently smaller; wait until 70 and it's much larger. Every figure below comes from the Social Security Administration's confirmed 2026 amounts.
What changed for 2026, from SSA's cost-of-living fact sheet:
| Item | 2026 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Cost-of-living adjustment | 2.8 percent | — |
| Maximum taxable earnings | $184,500 | $176,100 |
| Maximum benefit, worker retiring at FRA | $4,152/mo. | $4,018/mo. |
| Average, all retired workers | $2,071/mo. | — |
| Average, aged couple both receiving | $3,208/mo. | — |
| Quarter of coverage | $1,890 | $1,810 |
| Tax rate (employee / self-employed) | 7.65% / 15.30% | Same |
⚠️ Reading $4,152 as "the 2026 maximum" is wrong. SSA qualifies it as the maximum for a "worker retiring at full retirement age." Wait until 70 and you receive more.
Eligibility: 40 credits (about 10 years)
To qualify, you need 40 work credits — roughly 10 years of covered work (paying FICA). In 2026 one credit is earned per $1,890 of earnings, up to four credits a year. Short on credits? If you worked in Korea, the US-Korea totalization agreement lets you combine coverage from both countries (see below).
The key call: when to start (62 vs 67 vs 70)
For those born in 1960 or later, full retirement age (FRA) is 67 — claim then and you get 100% (your base amount). Earlier or later changes the amount for life.
| Start age | Monthly benefit (67 = 100%) | Note |
|---|---|---|
| 62 (earliest) | 70% (30% reduction) | Sooner, but less for life |
| 67 (FRA) | 100% | Base amount |
| 70 (max) | about 124% | 8.0% a year for delaying |
⭐ The early reduction is not one rate — it has two stages
This is where most explanations blur things. SSA's own wording:
"5/9 of one percent for each month before normal retirement age, up to 36 months. If the number of months exceeds 36, then the benefit is further reduced 5/12 of one percent per month."
| Stage | Monthly reduction | Annualised |
|---|---|---|
| First 36 months before FRA | 5/9 of 1% (~0.556%) | ~6.67% |
| Beyond 36 months | 5/12 of 1% (~0.417%) | ~5.0% |
SSA even shows the arithmetic behind the maximum 30 percent reduction: "36 months times 5/9 of 1 percent plus 24 months times 5/12 of 1 percent."
What this means in practice. Moving your claim earlier within the three years before FRA is the most expensive stretch at ~6.67% a year; going earlier still costs ~5.0% a year, which is less steep. It is not a flat "so much per year."
Delayed credits depend on your birth year
The delayed retirement credit also varies. From SSA's table, 8.0% a year for those born 1943 and later; earlier cohorts get less — 7.5% for 1941–42, 7.0% for 1939–40, and so on.
And there is a ceiling. SSA states: "No credit is given after age 69." In other words, past 70 there is no reason to keep waiting.
Full retirement age by birth year
The complete SSA table:
| Year of birth | Full retirement age |
|---|---|
| 1937 and prior | 65 |
| 1938 | 65 and 2 months |
| 1939 | 65 and 4 months |
| 1940 | 65 and 6 months |
| 1941 | 65 and 8 months |
| 1942 | 65 and 10 months |
| 1943–54 | 66 |
| 1955 | 66 and 2 months |
| 1956 | 66 and 4 months |
| 1957 | 66 and 6 months |
| 1958 | 66 and 8 months |
| 1959 | 66 and 10 months |
| 1960 and later | 67 |
⭐ Working while claiming — the rules flip in your FRA year
Claim while still working and part of the benefit is withheld above an earnings threshold. But the year you reach FRA, the rules change completely. For 2026:
| Situation | 2026 exempt amount | Withholding |
|---|---|---|
| Under full retirement age | $24,480/yr. ($2,040/mo.) | $1 for every $2 |
| Year you reach full retirement age | $65,160/yr. ($5,430/mo.) | $1 for every $3 |
The threshold jumps 2.7× and the withholding halves. On top of that, in your FRA year only earnings before the month you reach FRA count. Someone claiming at 62 and working, and someone working in their FRA year, are under entirely different rules.
The 2025 amounts were $23,400 ($1,950/mo.) and $62,160 ($5,180/mo.).
Social Security is taxable too
Often overlooked. From IRS Publication 915 (for use in preparing 2025 returns), the base amounts are:
| Filing status | Base amount |
|---|---|
| Single, head of household, qualifying surviving spouse | $25,000 |
| Married filing jointly | $32,000 |
| Married filing separately and lived with your spouse at any time during the year | $0 |
The same publication states that "generally, up to 50% of your benefits will be taxable" and that at higher income "up to 85% of your benefits can be taxable", with the second tier at $34,000 (single) and $44,000 (married filing jointly).
⚠️ File separately and share a home with your spouse for even one day in the year, and your base amount is $0. However small your income, you are inside the taxability test. Worth confirming before choosing separate filing.
You can have tax withheld, but SSA lets you pick only 7%, 10%, 12% or 22% — no custom rate.
Early vs late — how to decide
It depends on how long you'll live and whether you need income now.
| If... | Consider |
|---|---|
| Poor health or urgent income need | Claiming early (62) |
| Healthy, likely longevity, other income | Delaying (70) for a bigger check |
| Still working (high income before FRA) | Delay (early claiming has an earnings reduction) |
| Considering spousal/survivor benefits | Higher earner delays to grow survivor benefit |
The break-even is commonly put at around age 78–83. Note, though, that this figure could not be verified in an SSA original — see the sources section. Taxes, investment returns and inflation adjustments add nuance, so set the big principle and apply your own situation.
The US-Korea totalization agreement
The US and Korea have a social security agreement giving two benefits to people who worked in both:
- Combining coverage: if your US credits fall short of 40 (10 years), Korean national pension periods can be counted to meet minimum eligibility.
- No double taxation: for postings, it prevents paying social security tax to both countries.
Note: combining is for eligibility; each country pays based on its own coverage. You may receive both Korea's national pension and US Social Security separately. Confirm the exact amounts with both agencies.
Example: 12 years in the US, 15 in Korea
Say you worked 12 years in the US (48 credits) and 15 in Korea. ① The US side is past 40 credits → Social Security eligible. ② Korea's national pension with 15 years also qualifies (10+ years). ③ So you can receive a pension from each country. ④ Had your US work been only 8 years (short), the agreement could combine Korean periods to meet US minimum eligibility. Plan it alongside your 401(k) and IRA.
Points to know
- ☐ Benefits are adjusted yearly for inflation (COLA)
- ☐ Social Security can be partly taxable depending on income
- ☐ Spousal/survivor benefits exist — couples should strategize
- ☐ Check your estimated benefit at my Social Security (ssa.gov)
- ☐ With Korean work history, gather totalization paperwork
- ☐ Design "three-layer" retirement with 401(k) and IRA
Questions you may have
Q. Only for green card holders or citizens?
If you worked legally and earned credits, green card holders qualify too. If you move abroad, payment rules vary by citizenship and country — check with SSA. Korea, as an agreement country, is relatively favorable.
Q. What if I claim at 62 and keep working?
In 2026, earnings above $24,480 a year mean $1 withheld for every $2 over. But in the year you reach FRA the threshold rises to $65,160 and withholding eases to $1 for every $3. Treat the two periods separately.
Q. Is Social Security enough for retirement?
It's a safety net, not your whole retirement income — it replaces roughly 40% of pre-retirement income. Fill the rest with a 401(k) and IRA.
Q. Does receiving Korea's pension reduce Social Security?
Rules like the former WEP were contentious, and agreements and laws have changed, so it varies. If you'll receive both, verify current rules with SSA and Korea's pension service. Korean start ages are covered in the income gap guide.
Q. How exactly do credits accumulate?
In 2026, $1,890 of earnings buys one credit, up to four a year. About ten years gets you to 40.
Q. Is my benefit taxed?
It can be. The base amounts are $25,000 single and $32,000 married filing jointly — and $0 if you file separately and lived with your spouse at any point in the year. Up to 85% can become taxable.
Q. Does waiting past 70 add more?
No. SSA states "no credit is given after age 69." Seventy is the ceiling.
Sources and where to check
- Social Security Administration — 2026 Cost-of-Living Adjustment (COLA) Fact Sheet. Source of the 2.8 percent COLA, $184,500 taxable maximum (2025: $176,100), the $24,480 / $65,160 earnings test amounts, the $4,152 maximum at FRA, the $2,071 and $3,208 averages, the $1,890 quarter of coverage and the 7.65% / 15.30% rates.
- Social Security Administration — Early or Late Retirement. Source of the two-stage reduction ("5/9 of one percent … up to 36 months … further reduced 5/12 of one percent per month"), the arithmetic behind the 30 percent maximum, the 8.0% delayed credit for 1943 and later, and "no credit is given after age 69."
- Social Security Administration — Normal Retirement Age (NRA). Source of the full birth-year table.
- Social Security Administration — Receiving Benefits While Working. Source of the $1 for every $2 and $1 for every $3 rules and the fact that only earnings before the FRA month count in that year.
- Internal Revenue Service — Publication 915, Social Security and Equivalent Railroad Retirement Benefits. Source of the base amounts ($25,000 / $32,000 / $0 when filing separately after living together), the 50% and 85% taxability tiers and the $34,000 / $44,000 second-tier thresholds.
Written as of July 2026. The COLA, taxable maximum, maximum and average benefits, credit amount, earnings-test thresholds, the two-stage early reduction, delayed credits, the FRA table and the taxability rules all come directly from the SSA and IRS originals above. By contrast, the break-even age of 78–83 could not be verified in an SSA original — it is widely cited but is not an agency figure and moves with the assumptions used. Note also that the base amounts ($25,000 / $32,000 / $34,000 / $44,000) were confirmed in the edition of Publication 915 "for use in preparing 2025 returns," and could not be re-checked against a 2026 filing edition. The mechanics of the US-Korea totalization agreement and reduction rules such as WEP could not be checked against an original either. For your own history, check my Social Security at ssa.gov, and Korean coverage with the National Pension Service on 1355. This is general information, not tax or pension advice.
